Introduction we are currently witnessing that, in terms of science production, the gap between the North and the South countries is still remaining despite plenty and diversehigher education institutions and their worldwide development across the world, and the science has not appropriately developed in all countries in parallel with the proliferation of actors in the field of science. In other words, many of the studied countries have completed the popularity and democratization stage in higher education, though only a few were able to achieve sustainable production of science alongside accessing higher education. The author in the present study seeked to findthe conditions needed by a society to achieve academic development in parallel to higher education...

The present study represents an attempt to examine the main Macro determinants of stock prices in OPEC oil exporting and importing countries in the study period 1996 to 2016 using Bayesian model averaging (BMA). The oil importers in this study are the United States, Britain and Japan, and three countries, Iran, Saudi Arabia and Kuwait, have been selected as oil exporters. The findings of this study are that to predict and evaluate the stock price index for oil-importing countries, the three variables of exchange rate index, consumer price index and economic growth should be given more importance than other variables, while for oil-exporting countries, The three variables of broad money growth, exchange rate and import are the most important variables that should be considered. For oil-importing countries, among the Macro variables studied, OPEC oil prices have a completely negative relationship with the stock price index of those countries, but in oil-importing countries, the gold price has a completely inverse relationship with the stock price index.

This inquiry is based on four – dimensional concept of society. That is to say society consist of four systems IE. Political, economicel, cultural and communal ones. In this study four basic hypotheses concerning with scientific development are depicted. The first hypothesis considers a reciprocal relationship between level of economic development and growth of empirical sciences. The second hypothesis claims that political development, particularly civil and political freedom, can promote scientific development. The third hypothesis considers cultural development as a facilitating context for scientific development. Finally, the fourth hypothesis believes that societal community development, mainly by providing new social capital can smooth the way for scientific development. These hypotheses in a Cross – nation study and a sample of national study, a sample of 150 countries were tested. Result of multivariate regression analysis and structural equation modeling (SEM) confirmed all four hypotheses. A particular pattern between four key variables and scientific development (as a dependent variable) is also found. Based on the research finding, some basic suggestions for development of science are provided.

Abstract: This study sought to answer the question of what are the causes of marital infidelity in the Iranian family. To Answer the Research Question, Qualitative Meta-Synthesis (QMS) Method Were Used. Then, 78 Scientific Papers Which Were Considered Marital Infidelity in Iran were identified and were Analyzed. The results showed that the Factors of infidelity in Iran can be classified into 9 main categories, including: 1. Social Factors, 2. Psychological Factors, 3. Cultural Factors, 4. Family Factors, 5. Personal Factors, 6. Relational Factors, 7. Economic Factors, 8. Media Factors, 9. Contextual Factors. Each of the main Categories is divided into Different Subcategories. The Social Factors of infidelity were including “Infidelity Opportunities”, “Friend groups” and “Environmental Conditions”. Psychological Factors of Infidelity Were Including “Personality Type”, “Attachment Styles”, and their “Love Schema”. Cultural Factors have Pointed to “Change in Beliefs and values” and “the level of Religious Education” of people. The Family Factors were including “Inappropriate Marriage”, “Family Conflict” and “the Kind of Family Background of people”. The Personal Factors are “Sexual Dissatisfaction”, “Emotional Dissatisfaction”, “the Feeling of Loneliness”, “the Spouse Unavailability”, “Weakness in Controlling Spouse”, “Domestic Violence”, “Revenge of the Spouse” and “the Role of the Third Person in the Relationship”. The Economic Factors are including “the Economic Status of the person”, “the Role of Economic Problems”, “the motivation of entering into infidelity under the Pretext of Job promotion”. The media Factors Were Emphasized on “weakening Iranian Values through Social Media Networks and Foreign Satellite Channels” and “Producing of New Needs by Media”. Finally, the Contextual Factors were including the Role of “Age” and “Gender” in the Infidelity. Findings showed that Infidelity Occurred in the group of men and youth in Iran, more than other Social Groups.

The exacerbation of credit risk and an increase in the volume of banking system claims in recent years has created a potential crisis in the usury free banking system of Iran. It is necessary to take the necessary decision before the emergence and actualization of social and economic crises in the country based on the native requirements In this research, a set of solutions in the banking system that are used to face with the the effective Factors affecting exacerbation are counted and then completed with proposed solutions. In the following, the required criteria and desirability of a solution in the banking system are explained and all of these strategies are analyzed using a descriptive analytical method based on the criteria of the appropriate strategy, namely, validity, legality and deterrence, etc., and finally The management package is proposed for use in the banking system of the country, which has been approved by the managers of the country's banks in terms of the abovementioned criteria, so that for each of the Factors of the parties one or more strategies are presented in accordance with the nature of that factor.

In this article the process of social capital accumulation and its determinants has been formulated. Based on the formulation, the process of social capital accumulation in Iran has been analyzed using co-integration approach. Social capital formation function was estimated using Johanson method and vector error correction model with data for period 1974-2012. According to the findings of this article, social capital is positively affected by physical capital, income level and human capital in both long term and short term. But for the same period, determinants like unemployment, rate of urbanization and industrialization have negative effect on social capital. Income inequality and inflation only in long term have positive and significant effect on social capital.

Targeted Subsidies Reform plan has been one of the most controversial subjects in economic policy in Iran during the last decade. In this paper we try to answer two important questions through reviewing the reasoning of the law and the results of implementing the reforms. First, to what extent the goals of the Targeted Subsidies Reform law was achieved? And seconde, was the Targeted Subsidies Reform law coherent enough in its theoretical foundation to achieve its goals? Accordingly, this research is considered to be a fundamental theoretical research. In this regard, different information and data were collected using a library method and based on this information and other calculations, the answers to the research questions were extracted in an analytical-descriptive manner. It is shown that the law could not attain most of its goals such as: increasing energy efficiency, reducing energy intensity, enegy consumption per capita and production of environment Pollutants. Besides, calculating the amount of implicit subsidy before and after implementing the law shows that it could not reduce the amount of energy subsidy in the economy and also it could not reduce the burden of subsidies on government budget. And also it is shown that implemation of the reform plan had always extensive deviations from the law so that one of the reasons of the failure could be these deviations. Besides it is shown that considering weaknesses in the theoretical foundation of the law, it does not have the necessary capacity to realize the goals.

Identifying the constraining Factors of production and yield gap is very important. Therefore; this research was performed to identify the production constraining Factors of local rice cultivars. All management practices from nursery preparation to harvesting stages for 100 paddy fields of local rice cultivars were recorded through field studies, in Sari, from 2015-2016. In the CPA, the actual and calculated potential yield were 4495 and 5703 kg/ha, respectively and the gap was 1221 kg/ha. The yield gap caused by number of top-dressing variables was 324 kg/ha, equal to 27% of the total yield gap. The yield gap related to previous year of legumes cultivation was 218 kg ha-1, equal to 18% of the total yield variation. Among the 10 variables entered in the CPA model, the effects of top-dress fertilizer application and its application frequency and foliar application were remarkable, which could compensate a significant part of the yield gap (444 kg/ha, 37% of total) in the farmers’ fields by managing these variables. According to boundary line analysis (BLA) finding, actual yield mean on the basis of optimal limit related to 12 variables under study was 5369 kg/ha, with 881 kg/ha yield gap . Mean relative yield and relative yield gap for 12 variables (transplanting date, seedling age, number of seedlings per hill, planting density, nitrogen and phosphorous per hectare, nitrogen before transplanting, harvesting date, lodging problem, pest problem, diseases problem and weeds problem) were 83.64 and 16.35 kg/ha, respectively. Based on the finding, it can be stated that the model precision is appropriate and can be applied for both estimation of the quantity of yield gap and determining the portion of each restricting yield variables.

The purpose of this research is to investigate the Factors affecting the formation of leading schools, so that it can be used in Iran's education. For this purpose, first, according to the research background and theoretical foundations, a conceptual framework was presented in the field of the components of an efficient and progressive school. Due to the nature of the subject, this research is an applied and developmental research and its method is of a mixed type, and includes quantitative and qualitative methods. According to the obtained information, the statistical population is about 3000 people. The sample size is estimated to be 344 people using Morgan's table. Stratified sampling method was used for sampling in this research, and 84 managers and 260 teachers participated in this study. The tool of this research is a researcher-made questionnaire. To analyze the data and answer the research questions, the correlation coefficient test and factor analysis were used. The results of the research showed that the components of management and leadership, research Factors, educational Factors, human resources, budget and infrastructure, technology and equipment are the main components of the formation of leading schools, and the component of educational Factors has the largest contribution.